Características epidemiológicas y quirúrgicas en pacientes con secuelas de enfermedad de Fournier / Reconstructive techniques in Fournier's disease sequels

Introducción: La gangrena de Fournier actualmente se define como una forma específica de fascitis necrotizante sinérgica, rápida, progresiva y de origen multibacteriano, que afecta principalmente la fascia muscular de región perineal, genital o perianal e incluso de pared abdominal; con punto de partida genitourinario, colorrectal o idiopático. Todo ello, acompañado de gangrena de piel de estas áreas debida a trombosis de vasos sanguíneos subcutáneos. Objetivos: Describir las características epidemiológicas y quirúrgicas de los pacientes secuelares de la enfermedad de Fournier en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital de Clínicas en un período de 2 años. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, temporalmente retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos. El tipo de muestreo fue no probabilístico a conveniencia. Se presentan 18 pacientes secuelares de enfermedad de Fournier reconstruidos en la Unidad de Cirugía Plástica de Hospital de Clínicas entre los años 2020 y 2021. Resultados: Durante el periodo del estudio se realizaron 395 cirugías en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital de Clínicas, de los cuales 18 pacientes fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente por secuelas de enfermedad de Fournier, lo que representa el 5% del total. En lo que respecta a las variables demográficas, la edad osciló entre los 37 y 85 años con mayor afectación en la sexta década de la vida con un promedio de 61 años. El 94% de los pacientes fue de sexo masculino; el 89% de los pacientes tenía como patología de base la diabetes mellitus tipo 2, seguido de la obesidad en el 72% y la hipertensión arterial en el 56% de los casos; el 83% de los casos estuvo afectada la región escrotal seguido de la región perineal con el 56% de los pacientes y el pene en el 50% de los casos. La técnica reconstructiva empleada en mayor frecuencia fueron los colgajos en 10 pacientes, seguido del injerto de piel en 8 pacientes, y el cierre primario en 6 pacientes, cabe mencionar que en algunos pacientes se emplearon varias técnicas reconstructivas siguiendo el concepto de reconstrucción por sub-unidades anatómicas, entre los colgajos los más utilizados fueron el colgajo de perforante de la circunfleja femoral medial (perforante de gracilis) con el 50% de los casos seguido del colgajo de transposición fasciocutáneo de la pudenda interna con el 30%, y por último el colgajo de avance fasciocutáneo con el 20% (Tabla 3). La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 3 días, con un mínimo de 1 día y un máximo de 5 días post operatorio. Se reportó como complicación la dehiscencia de sutura en 3 pacientes, no se observó complicaciones en el 77% de los casos. Conclusión: Las secuelas de la enfermedad de Fournier sometidos a cirugías representan el 5% del total de cirugías realizadas en nuestro Servicio, son más prevalentes en la sexta década de la vida, afecta más al sexo masculino con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 como patología de base, las técnicas reconstructivas empleadas en las secuelas son variables de acuerdo a las regiones anatómicas afectadas y pueden abarcar desde el cierre primario hasta la utilización de colgajos para su reparación.

Introduction: Fournier's gangrene is currently defined as a specific form of synergistic, rapid, progressive and multibacterial necrotizing fasciitis, which mainly affects the muscular fascia of the perineal, genital, or perianal region and even the abdominal wall; with genitourinary, colorectal, or idiopathic starting point. All of this, accompanied by skin gangrene in these areas due to thrombosis of subcutaneous blood vessels. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and surgical characteristics of the sequelae patients of Fournier's disease in the Plastic Surgery Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas in a period of 2 years. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, temporally retrospective, case series type study. The type of sampling was non-probabilistic at convenience. Eighteen sequelae patients of Fournier's disease reconstructed in the Plastic Surgery Unit of Hospital de Clínicas between 2020 and 2021 are presented. Results: During the study period, 395 surgeries were performed in the Plastic Surgery Service of the Hospital de Clínicas, of which 18 patients underwent surgery for sequelae of Fournier's disease, which represents 5% of the total. Regarding demographic variables, age ranged between 37 and 85 years with greater impact in the sixth decade of life with an average of 61 years. 94% of the patients were male; 89% of the patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus as an underlying pathology, followed by obesity in 72% and high blood pressure in 56% of cases; In 83% of the cases, the scrotal region was affected, followed by the perineal region in 56% of the patients and the penis in 50% of the cases. The most frequently used reconstructive technique was flaps in 10 patients, followed by skin grafting in 8 patients, and primary closure in 6 patients. It is worth mentioning that in some patients several reconstructive techniques were used following the concept of reconstruction by sub- anatomical units, among the flaps the most used were the medial femoral circumflex perforator flap (gracilis perforator) with 50% of the cases followed by the fasciocutaneous transposition flap of the internal pudendal with 30%, and finally the fasciocutaneous advancement flap with 20% (Table 3). The average hospital stay was 3 days, with a minimum of 1 day and a maximum of 5 days postoperatively. Suture dehiscence was reported as a complication in 3 patients; no complications were observed in 77% of the cases. Conclusion: The sequelae of Fournier's disease undergoing surgeries represent 5% of the total number of surgeries performed in our Service, they are more prevalent in the sixth decade of life, it affects more males with type 2 diabetes mellitus as the underlying pathology, the reconstructive techniques used in the sequelae are variable according to the anatomical regions affected and can range from primary closure to the use of flaps for repair.

Comparison of Free Flap Outcomes at a University Hospital versus County Hospital Setting for Head and Neck Reconstruction

Abstract Introduction Patients at public county hospitals often have poorer access to healthcare with advanced disease on presentation. These factors, along with limited resources at county hospitals, may have an impact on outcomes for patients requiring complex head and neck reconstruction. Objectives To delineate differences in the frequency of complications in two different care settings, a public county hospital and a private university hospital. Methods Retrospective review of otolaryngology patients at a university hospital compared with a publicly-funded county hospital. The main outcome measure was major complications including total flap loss or unplanned reoperation in 30 days. Secondary outcome measures included medical complications, partial flap loss, and unplanned hospital readmission in 30 days. Results In the county hospital sample (n = 58) free flap failure or reoperation occurred in 20.7% of the patients, and minor complications, in 36.2% of the patients. In the university hospital sample (n = 65) flap failure or reoperation occurred in 9.2% of the patients, and minor complications, in 12.3% of the patients. Patients at the private hospital who had surgery in the oropharynx were least likely to have minor complications. Conclusions Patients at the county hospital had a higher but not statistically significant difference in flap failure and reoperation than those at a university hospital, although the county hospital experienced more minor postoperative complications. This is likely multifactorial, and may be related to poorer access to primary care preoperatively, malnutrition, poorly controlled or undiagnosed medical comorbidities, and differences in hospital resources.

Reconstrucción palpebral luego de una resección total por cáncer / Palpebral reconstruction after total resection due to cancer

Introducción: La incidencia de los tumores malignos palpebrales varía según las diferentes razas. Su frecuencia aumenta con la edad y su aparición está relacionada con factores genéticos, virales y ambientales. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con una lesión tumoral en el párpado inferior al que se le realizó la reconstrucción palpebral luego de una resección parcial por cáncer con técnica combinada que incluyó Mustardé e injerto de mucosa. Presentación de caso: Paciente masculino de 76 años de edad con antecedentes de salud. Hace un año atrás comenzó a presentar una lesión endurada en el párpado inferior izquierdo hacia el canto interno del ojo, que fue aumentando de volumen, con una ulceración posterior. En el examen físico se observó una lesión ulcerada y sucia de aproximadamente 2 ( 2,5 cm, que comprometía los 2/3 mediales del parpado inferior, incluyendo la vía conducto lagrimal. Tras la intervención quirúrgica la extirpación creó un defecto correspondiente a la ausencia en todos los planos anatómicos en casi la totalidad del párpado inferior izquierdo, por lo que se planeó un colgajo de avance de la mejilla. El estudio histopatológico confirmó un carcinoma epidermoide completamente resecado. Conclusiones: Esta cirugía combinada permitió una exéresis amplia del tumor con el margen oncológico requerido y la sustitución aproximada de las estructuras del párpado. Se lograron una funcionabilidad adecuada y una cubierta del globo ocular óptima en su porción inferior, además de armónico con el contralateral(AU)

Introduction: The incidence of palpebral malignant tumors varies according to different races. Its frequency increases with age and its occurrence is related to genetic, viral and environmental factors. Objective: To present a case with a tumor lesion in the lower eyelid, who underwent palpebral reconstruction after a partial resection due to cancer with a combined technique including Mustardé and mucosal graft and its clinical evolution. Case presentation: 76-year-old male patient with a medical history. One year ago he began to present an indurated lesion on the left lower eyelid towards the inner canthus of the eye that was increasing in volume, with subsequent ulceration. Physical examination revealed an ulcerated and dirty lesion of approximately 2 ( 2.5 cm involving the medial 2/3 of the lower eyelid, including the lacrimal duct. After surgery the excision created a defect corresponding to the absence in all anatomic planes in almost the entire left lower eyelid, so a cheek advancement flap was planned. Histopathologic study confirmed a completely resected epidermoid carcinoma. Conclusions: This combined surgery allowed wide excision of the tumor with the required oncologic margin and approximate replacement of the eyelid structures. Adequate functionality and optimal eyeball cover was achieved in its lower portion, as well as harmonic with the contralateral one(AU)

Morphometric and biomechanical analysis of gracilis and semitendinosus tendons: A cadaveric study in the South Indian setting

Background: Semitendinosus and gracilis muscle tendons are among the most frequently used grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery. Gracilis is also frequently used in breast reconstruction as well as in upper and lower limb reconstruction as a free graft. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 human cadaver lower limbs were studied of 30 adults (12 men and 18 women) who have been embalmed at a tertiary care institution. Those cadavers whose lower limb had undergone surgery in the past and those with concomitant pathology that would have affected the local anatomy were excluded. Gracilis and semitendinosus tendons were taken out of embalmed remains after the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues had been carefully dissected. Results: It was observed that the maximum load of all the semitendinosus tendons studied had a mean value of 768.2 ± 130.4 N. The semitendinosus tendon’s maximal load in males ranged from 698.4 to 1133.9 N. However in females, the semitendinosus tendon’s maximal load ranged from 589.5 to 780.0 N. Conclusion: The topographical and morphometric data from this study can be utilized as a database of anthropological parameters for the Semitendinosus and Gracilis muscle tendons of a population in a south Indian setting,

Uso de verde de indocianina en cirugía reconstructiva y quemaduras / The use of indocyanine green in reconstructive surgery and burns: the literature review

Resumen El verde de indocianina es un tinte que se ha utilizado en medicina durante varias décadas. Tiene una serie de aplicaciones, incluida la cirugía reconstructiva y las quemaduras. Permite detectar áreas de tejido con perfusión reducida, lo que reduce el riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias en forma de procesos de cicatrización alterados y necrosis. La técnica de imágenes que utiliza este tinte, permite observar los cambios en la fluorescencia en tiempo real y que, se ha demostrado, ocurren entre las capas superficiales y profundas en las quemaduras. Esto permite un diagnóstico cualitativo y cuantitativo de la profundidad de la quemadura, lo que se traduce en la elección de un tratamiento adicional. Se aprecia la importancia particular de este método en la prevención de la necrosis cutánea con el complejo areola-pezón durante la reconstrucción mamaria simultánea. Se necesitan más ensayos controlados aleatorios prospectivos para considerarlo el "método de elección" en la práctica clínica.

Indocyanine green is a dye that has been used in medicine for several decades. It has a number of applications, including reconstructive surgery and burns. It allows the detection of areas of tissue with reduced perfusion, which reduces the risk of postoperative complications in the form of altered healing processes and necrosis. The imaging technique that uses this dye allows us to observe the changes in fluorescence in real time that have been shown to occur between the superficial and deep layers in burns. This allows a qualitative and quantitative diagnosis of the depth of the burn, which results in the choice of additional treatment. The particular importance of this method in the prevention of skin necrosis with the areolanipple complex is appreciate during simultaneous breast reconstruction. More prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to consider it the 'method of choice' in clinical practice.

Tratamiento multidisciplinario de condrosarcoma gigante de fémur proximal mediante hemipelvectomía externa y reconstrucción con colgajo pediculado tipo fillet flap: presentación de un caso clínico / Multidisciplinary treatment of giant chondrosarcoma of the proximal femur by external hemipelvectomy and reconstruction with a pedunculated fillet flap: presentation of a clinical case / Tratamento multidisciplinar do condrossarcoma gigante do fêmur proximal por hemipelvectomia externa e reconstrução com retalho fillet flap: apresentação de um caso clínico

El condrosarcoma forma parte de los tumores primarios malignos más frecuentes. Las localizaciones pélvicas y de raíz de muslo requerirán abordajes amplios con la consecuente dificultad de cobertura de partes blandas. La hemipelvectomía externa es habitualmente el procedimiento de elección para estas localizaciones. Implica la resección de la extremidad inferior en bloque asociada a la hemipelvis ipsilateral, dando como resultado un gran defecto de cobertura. En algunas circunstancias, la extensa resección de partes blandas hace imposible la utilización de colgajos rotacionales locales. La reconstrucción con colgajo tipo "Fillet flaps" ofrece a estos defectos de partes blandas la opción de lograr una adecuada cobertura. El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar la resolución de un caso poco convencional de condrosarcoma de fémur proximal y su reconstrucción de partes blandas con un método nunca antes utilizado en nuestro medio.

Chondrosarcoma is one of the most frequent malignant primary tumors. Pelvic and proximal femur locations require extensive approaches with the consequent difficulty of soft tissue reconstruction. External hemipelvectomy is usually the procedure for these locations. It involves total en bloc resection of the lower extremity associated with ipsilateral hemipelvis, resulting in a large coverage defect. In some cases, local rotational flaps are impossible. Reconstruction with fillet flaps offers an adequate coverage for soft tissue defects. The objective of this study is to show the resolution of an unconventional case of chondrosarcoma of the proximal femur and its soft tissue reconstruction with a method never before used in our country.

O condrossarcoma é um dos tumores primários malignos mais frequentes. As localizações das raízes pélvicas e da coxa exigirão amplas abordagens com a conseqüente dificuldade em cobrir os tecidos moles. A hemipelvectomia externa costuma ser o procedimento de escolha para esses locais. Envolve a ressecção do membro inferior em bloco associado à hemipelve ipsilateral, resultando em um grande defeito de cobertura. Em algumas circunstâncias, a ressecção extensa de partes moles impossibilita o uso de retalhos rotacionais locais. A reconstrução com retalhos de filé oferece a esses defeitos de tecidos moles a opção de obter uma cobertura adequada. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a resolução de um caso não convencional de condrossarcoma do fêmur proximal e sua reconstrução de partes moles com método nunca antes utilizado em nosso meio.

Tumor de células gigantes en el extremo distal del radio / Giant Cell Tumor Of The Distal Radius

Introducción: El tumor de células gigantes de hueso es uno de los tumores menos frecuentes y su comportamiento local es agresivo. Objetivo: Presentar un caso afectado por un tumor de células gigantes tratado con resección en bloque y artrodesis de la articulación de la muñeca. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 29 años de edad, con antecedentes relativos de salud, que presentaba desde hacía 5 meses aumento de volumen e impotencia funcional al realizar flexo extensión activa de la muñeca izquierda, con empeoramiento progresivo. Se diagnosticó tumor óseo de células gigantes con marcada actividad proliferativa estromal en el extremo distal del radio, se realizó resección en bloque y artrodesis del extremo distal del radio con márgenes oncológicos y transferencia del flexor radial corto al extensor común y del palmar menor al extensor y abductor del pulgar. Conclusiones: La resección en bloque y artrodesis es una de las opciones a tener en cuenta en la cirugía reconstructiva de la extremidad superior con un resultado satisfactorio(AU)

Introduction: Giant cell tumor of bone is one of the least frequent tumors and the local behavior is aggressive. Objective: To report a case with giant cell tumor treated with en bloc resection and arthrodesis of the wrist joint. Case report: A relative healthy 29-year-old male patient had had increased volume and functional impotence when performing active flexor extension of the left wrist for 5 months, with progressive worsening. A giant cell bone tumor with marked stromal proliferative activity was diagnosed in the distal end of the radius. En bloc resection and arthrodesis of the distal end of the radius were performed with oncological margins and the transfer of the flexor radialis brevis to the common extensor and the palmaris minor to the extensor and abductor pollicis. Conclusions: En bloc resection and arthrodesis is one of the options to consider in reconstructive surgery of the upper extremity with a satisfactory result(AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico de las úlceras por presión sacras con colgajo miocutáneo de gluteus maximus por deslizamiento en V-Y: Técnica quirúrgica / Surgical treatment of sacral pressure ulcers with gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap due to V-Y sliding: surgical technique

Resumen Introducción: La úlcera por presión más frecuente es la sacra. Si compromete el hueso puede provocar osteomielitis por lo que requiere aseo quirúrgico y colgajo miocutáneo de gluteus maximus por deslizamiento en V-Y. Materiales y Método: En el servicio de cirugía plástica del hospital del Salvador entre 2011 y 2020 se han operado 82 pacientes con ulceras sacras grado 4 que requirieron cobertura con colgajo miocutáneo de gluteus maximus en V-Y. De ellas se analizaron los últimos 37 pacientes. Resultados De los 37 pacientes, 12 fueron mujeres, 25 hombres, 17 parapléjicos, 12 tetrapléjicos y 8 deambulaban. 6 pacientes presentaron COVID-19. 24 fueron bilaterales y 13 unilaterales. Los colgajos cicatrizaron bien en 30 pacientes. Las complicaciones fueron de 16% consistente en 2 hematomas, 2 dehiscencias, 2 celulitis y 1 seroma, todas resueltas sin problemas. Seguimiento de entre 3 y 6 meses. Discusión El tratamiento quirúrgico con colgajo miocutáneo de gluteus maximus en V-Y, aparte de aportar volumen para ocluir la úlcera, aporta irrigación excelente con oxígeno, nutrientes y antibióticos que aseguran una óptima cicatrización. Dependiendo del diámetro de la úlcera el colgajo puede ser uni o bilateral. Dado lo complejo del tratamiento, en general, el porcentaje de complicaciones de 16% se considera bajo. Conclusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico de las úlceras por presión sacras con colgajos miocutáneos deslizantes de gluteus maximus ha sido exitoso con buenos resultados quirúrgicos con buen flujo sanguíneo y buena evolución.

Introduction: Pressure sores are the result of the compression of soft tissues in the prominent bones areas, mainly in patients without movement. If the depth of the ulcer compromises the sacral bone, the treatment will be the gluteus maximus myocutaneous flap in V-Y. Materials and Method: In the plastic surgery service of the hospital del Salvador 82 patients with sacral pressure sores grade 4 were operated on between 2011 and 2020 with gluteus maximus myocutaneous V-Y flap. The last 37 patients were analyzed. Results: With this treatment the flaps were doing well in all cases with good blood supply. Complications: dehiscence: 2 patients, cellulitis: 2 patients, hematoma: 2 patients and seroma: 1 patient. The overall complication was 16%. Follow up between three and six months. Discussion: The most important part in pressure sores is their prevention. When the ulcer is in prominent parts of the body, the sore, could be in different grades of depth. The classification of them is in grades 1: erythema, 2: subcutaneous tissue. These two grades are solved with conservative treatment. When the ulcers are in grade 3 or 4, and with little ulcer in the skin but with damage of the deep plane, the treatment will be with surgery. In our casuistic the most frequent pressure sore is in the sacrum treated with gluteus maximus sliding myocutaneous flap in V-Y. With this treatment the flaps were doing well in all cases with good blood supply. The complications of 16% were considered low. Conclusion: The sliding gluteus Maximus myocutaneous flap in V-Y for treatment for sacral pressures sores have been successful for our patients.

Utilización del colgajo de bola adiposa de Bichat para el cierre inmediato de defectos quirúrgicos en el paladar. Reporte de dos casos / Use of the Bichat fat ball flap for immediate closure of surgical defects in the palate. Report of two cases

El objetivo fue describir la utilización del colgajo de bola adiposa de Bichat en el cierre de defectos palatinos inmediato a la resección quirúrgica. Casos clínicos: el caso clínico número 1 (hombre de 60 años) se presentó a la consulta con un aumento de volumen en mucosa del paladar blando, de forma ovoidal, no dolorosa a la palpación, coloración similar de la mucosa del paladar, de 3 cm de diámetro y de 4 meses de evolución que le incomoda para hablar y alimentarse. El caso clínico número 2 (hombre de 61 años) concurre a la consulta con una lesión en maxilar superior a nivel del paladar con diagnóstico patológico de adenoma pleomorfo. En ambos casos, se realizó la resección tumoral y la reconstrucción inmediata mediante el uso de bola adiposa de Bichat. Los defectos fueron cubiertos solamente por el tejido adiposo mencionado, generando una restitución ad integrum de la mucosa oral, evolucionaron favorablemente, sin complicaciones postoperatorias y recuperando la función masticatoria en pocas semanas. El colgajo de bola adiposa de Bichat debe ser considerado una alternativa para reparación de defectos postquirúrgicos gracias a su proximidad, disponibilidad, plasticidad y excelente vascularización, evitando así posibles secuelas relacionadas a la cicatrización secundaria.

The objective was to describe the use of the Bichat fat ball flap in the closure of palatal defects immediately after surgical resection. Clinical cases: clinical case number 1 (60-year-old man) presented to the consultation with an increase in volume of the soft palate mucosa, ovoid in shape, not painful on palpation, similar coloration of the palate mucosa, of 3 cm in diameter and 4 months of evolution that makes it uncomfortable to talk and feed. Clinical case number 2 (a 61-year-old man) attended the consultation with a lesion in the upper jaw at the level of the palate with a pathological diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. In both cases, tumor resection and immediate reconstruction were performed using a Bichat fat ball. The defects were covered only by the adipose tissue mentioned, generating a restitution ad integrum of the oral mucosa, they evolved favorably, without postoperative complications and recovering the masticatory function in a few weeks. The Bichat adipose ball flap should be considered an alternative for the repair of postsurgical defects thanks to its proximity, availability, plasticity and excellent vascularization, thus avoiding possible sequelae related to secondary healing.

Aplasia congénita unilateral del cartílago alar

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la presentación y el manejo de la aplasia congénita unilateral del cartílago alar. En este informe, presentamos el caso de un paciente sometido a rinoseptoplastia abierta primaria que presenta aplasia congénita del cartílago alar izquierdo que se repara con cartílago septal. Se discute el manejo de casos y se revisa la literatura. Las anomalías nasales congénitas son poco frecuentes. La ausencia aislada de cualquier estructura nasal específica es aún más rara. El diagnóstico preoperatorio en una nariz hispana es difícil, pero cuando se encuentra este defecto congénito, puede repararse con cartílago septal u otros tipos de cartílago, dependiendo de la disponibilidad del injerto, con buenos resultados. Se recomienda un enfoque abierto para este tipo de patología. La aplasia unilateral del cartílago alar podría reconstruirse con éxito utilizando el cartílago septal a través de un abordaje abierto.

Abstract The objective of this work is discussing the presentation and management of unilateral congenital aplasia of the alar cartilage. In this report, we present the case of a patient undergoing primary open rhinoseptoplasty presenting congenital aplasia of the left alar cartilage that is repaired with septal cartilage. Case management is discussed, and the literature is reviewed. Congenital nasal abnormalities are rare. The isolated absence of any specific nasal structure is even more rare. Preoperative diagnosis in a Hispanic nose is difficult, but when this deformed congenital is found, it can be repaired with septal cartilage or other types of cartilage, depending on the availability of the graft, with good results. An open approach is recommended for this type of pathology. Unilateral alar cartilage aplasia could be successfully reconstructed using septal cartilage through and open approach.

Facial restoration after trauma - nasolabial in monkey bugio - Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) - first case report / [Restauração facial pós trauma nasolabial em macaco bugio - Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) - relato de caso]

In the last decades in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil, the reduction in the preservation of areas due to the degradation of the biome and destruction of the natural environment has caused animals, mainly in the order of non-human primates, to come closer to towns and highways, increasing the number of accidents and in some cases, deaths. New surgical techniques have been developed that favor these species as explained in this report. The howler monkey patient was traumatized in the facial region damaging important vital structures such as facial muscle groups responsible for swallowing food, chewing, breathing, defense, and communication (vocalization and mimicry), in addition to the cartilaginous nasal structures. However, reconstructive facial surgical techniques, used on humans, showed satisfactory results from an anatomical, functional, and aesthetic point of view in howler monkey, with acceptance of the animal with a safe postoperative period for a full recovery of the primate patient.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil, a redução de áreas preservadas pela degradação de biomas e pela destruição de habitat naturais tem favorecido a aproximação de animais - muitos desses, primatas não humanos - em cidades e rodovias, aumentando o número de acidentes e, em alguns casos, de mortes. Novas técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido desenvolvidas, favorecendo essas espécies, como reportado neste trabalho. O paciente macaco bugio foi traumatizado em região facial, envolvendo importantes estruturas vitais, como grupos musculares faciais responsáveis pela apreensão alimentar, mastigação, respiração, defesa e comunicação (vocalização e mímicas), além das estruturas cartilaginosas nasais. No entanto, técnicas cirúrgicas reconstrutivas em face aplicadas e descritas em humanos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios dos pontos de vista anatômico, fisiológico e visual nos macacos bugio, com aceitação deles diante do estresse, com pós-operatório seguro, resultando na reabilitação do paciente primata.(AU)

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.

Retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral para reconstrução de lesão cutânea em região de cotovelo de cão: Relato de caso / Use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair cutaneous defect in a dog elbow: Case report

Os retalhos cutâneos são técnicas de escolha para reconstrução de grandes defeitos. Objetivou-se relatar o emprego do retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral em paciente com ferida cirúrgica ocasionada imediatamente após exérese de neoformação na região da articulação do cotovelo. Foi atendido paciente canino macho, 10 anos, pesando 12 kg, apresentando neoformação em tecidos moles, de grande volume, localizada na região medial do cotovelo. Como tratamento definitivo, implementou-se a exérese marginal da neoplasma seguida de reconstrução com a técnica de retalho de padrão axial da artéria torácica lateral. A técnica possibilitou completa síntese e oclusão do defeito, obtendo-se ótima recuperação pós operatória, não sendo observada deiscência de sutura ou necrose do retalho. Conclui-se que a implementação do retalho da artéria torácica lateral foi uma técnica viável na reconstrução em cotovelo após a exérese do neoplasma no paciente relatado, observando resultados satisfatórios quanto aos aspectos funcionais e cosméticos, após o período cicatricial.

Skin flaps are suitable methods of wound closure in large cutaneous defects. I The present study aims to report the use of lateral thoracic axial pattern flap to repair an elbow wound secondary to a neoplasm resection. A 10-year-old male dog weighing 12 kg was presented with a large soft tissue neoplasm in the medial aspect of the elbow. The patient underwent surgical resection of the neoplasm using the lateral thoracic cutaneous flap to achieve a complete defect closure, resulting in an excellent postoperative wound healing without suture failure or skin flap necrosis. It is concluded that the implementation of the lateral thoracic artery flap was a viable technique in elbow reconstruction after neoplasm excision in the reported patient, with satisfactory results regarding functional and cosmetic aspects after the healing period.

Colgajos Locales en Reconstrucción Facial. Alternativas de Tratamiento

RESUMEN: Los defectos faciales de piel son frecuentemente secuelas producto de carcinomas basoceulares, carcinomas espinocelulares, melanomas, grandes tumores benignos o traumatismos de tejidos blandos. Las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara, la textura y color de la piel, junto a otros parámetros deben ser considerados durante la planificación de la reconstrucción mediante colgajos locales. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión bibliográfica fue describir y definir las técnicas más relevantes en los de colgajos locales aplicados en la reconstrucción facial y sus algoritmos actuales, en relación con la unidad o subunidad facial involucrada; sus consideraciones estéticas y cirugía complementaria. Las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara se dividen en regiones de la frente, párpados, mejillas, nariz, labios y mentón. Los colgajos de rotación, en isla, de avance y transposición son la base para la mayoría de los colgajos faciales; los más conocidos según la zona donante son: el colgajo frontal, colgajo de rotación y avance de mejilla; colgajo cérvico-facial, y colgajos nasolabiales, entre otros. La elección del colgajo depende de la zona y la unidad estética facial involucrada, siendo importante elegir y usar las líneas, los surcos y márgenes de estas unidades cuando sea posible con el fin de mejorar los resultados estéticos y reducir la posibilidad de secuelas. La cirugía complementaria y los procedimientos estéticos pueden lograr un buen camuflaje de algunas complicaciones estéticas o secuelas.

ABSTRACT: Skin face defects are frequently sequels of basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and large benign tumors or soft tissue trauma. Aesthetics units and subunits of the face, texture, color, and other parameters must be considered in the local flaps reconstructive planning. This review article aims to describe and define the most relevant techniques of facial local flaps in facial reconstruction and their current algorithms, regarding the unit or subunit, involve, their aesthetics considerations and complementary surgery. The aesthetics units and subunits of the face are divided into forehead, eyelids, cheek, nasal, lips, and chin. There are several well-known concepts and flaps used in these proceedings as rotation, island, advancement, and transposition flaps, and they are the basis for facial local flaps; The most relevant are: forehead flap, cheek advancement, and rotate flap; rhomboid, cervicofacial and bilobed flap, nasolabial flaps. The flap election depends on the zone and unit involve; it is important to choose the lines, sulcus, and borders of these units when is possible to enhance these aesthetics outcomes. These concerning improve the aesthetics outcomes and reduce the aesthetics sequels. Complementary surgery and aesthetics proceedings may accomplish a good camouflage of some aesthetics complications or sequels.

Cobertura de partes blandas del Pulgar. Guía en la toma de decisiones / Coverage of soft parts of the Thumb. Guide for decision making

Las lesiones digitales son extremadamente frecuentes y cuando estas involucran al pulgar pueden comprometer importantemente la función de la mano, tanto así que su amputación afecta hasta un 50% la función global de la mano y disminuye su fuerza hasta en un 20%. Para poder mantener el largo del pulgar en muchas ocasiones se requiere de cobertura mediante el uso de colgajos, los cuales no siempre son realizados por un cirujano de mano. La elección correcta del colgajo es esencial para evitar la restricción de movilidad y limitación funcional del dedo lesionado, existiendo múltiples alternativas descritas, que varían en su capacidad de cobertura y complejidad, haciendo difícil una adecuada elección. Nuestro objetivo es resumir y entregar una estrategia de análisis de lesiones del pulgar que permita comprender el tipo de lesión y objetivos del tratamiento quirúrgico, para así optimizar la cobertura según cada caso y los resultados a largo plazo.

Digital injuries are frequent in medical practice. When they involve the thumb, it is important to consider that an amputation affects up to 50% of the hands' function and decreases its strength by up to 20%. Management of thumb injuries often requires coverage with local flaps, which are not always performed by hand surgeons. Choosing the right flap is essential to avoid restrictions in mobility and functional limitations of the injured finger. Our objective is to summarize and provide a strategy for the analysis of thumb injuries that may help to understand the different types of lesions, and the surgical approaches recommend in order to optimize coverage and long term results.

Upper limb arterial pattern: clinical correlation and embryological perspective / Padrão arterial dos membros superiores: correlação clínica com perspectiva embriológica

Abstract Background Variations in the upper limb arterial pattern are commonplace and necessitate complete familiarity for successful surgical and interventional procedures. Variance in the vascular tree may involve any part of the axis artery of the upper limb, including the axillary artery and brachial artery or its branches, in the form of radial and ulnar arteries, which eventually supply the hand via anastomosing arches. Objectives To study the peculiarities of the arterial pattern of the upper limb and to correlate them with embryological development. Methods The entire arterial branching of forty-two upper limbs of formalin fixed adult human cadavers was examined during routine dissection for educational purposes, conducted over a 3-year period in the Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi. Results The study found: 1) One case in which a common trunk arose from the third part of the axillary artery, which immediately splayed into four branches (2.4%); 2) High division of the brachial artery into ulnar and radial arteries, in 3 cases (7.1%); 3) Pentafurcation of the brachial artery into ulnar, interosseus, radial, and radial recurrent arteries and a muscular twig to the brachioradialis in 1/42 cases (2.4%); 4) Incomplete Superficial Palmar arch in 3/42 cases (7.1%); and 5) Presence of a median artery in 2/42 case(4.8%) Conclusions This study observed and described the varied arterial patterns of the upper limb and identified the various anomalous patterns, supplementing the surgeon's armamentarium in various surgical procedures, thereby helping to prevent complications or failures of reconstructive surgeries, bypass angiography, and many similar procedures.

Resumo Contexto As variações no padrão arterial dos membros superiores são comuns e, assim, necessitam de total familiaridade para que os procedimentos cirúrgicos e de intervenção sejam bem-sucedidos. A variância na árvore vascular pode envolver qualquer parte da artéria axial dos membros superiores, incluindo a artéria axilar, a artéria braquial ou os seus ramos, na forma das artérias radial e ulnar, as quais, em algum momento, suprem as mãos através dos arcos anastomosados. Objetivos Avaliar as peculiaridades do padrão arterial dos membros superiores e correlacioná-las ao desenvolvimento embriológico. Métodos Foram examinados os ramos arteriais completos de 42 membros superiores de cadáveres adultos conservados em formalina, os quais eram rotineiramente dissecados para fins educacionais durante 3 anos no Departamento de Anatomia Lady Hardinge Medical College, Nova Delhi. Resultados O estudo apresentou cinco desfechos. 1. Foi constatado um caso em que um tronco comum surgiu da terceira parte da artéria axilar que imediatamente se disseminou em quatro ramos (2,4%). 2. Houve divisão maior da artéria braquial em artérias ulnar e radial em três casos (7,1%). 3. Em um caso, ocorreu pentafurcação da artéria braquial em ulnar, interóssea, radial, radial recorrente e de um galho muscular em braquiorradial (2,4%). 4. Foi constatado arco palmar superficial incompleto em três dos 42 casos (7,1%). 5. Foi observada a presença da artéria mediana em 2 dos 42 casos (4,8%). Conclusões Este estudo compreende o padrão arterial do membro superior e identifica os diversos padrões anômalos para agregar ao arsenal terapêutico de cirurgiões para diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos, com o objetivo de combater quaisquer complicações ou falhas de cirurgias reconstrutivas, de angiografias de cirurgias de revascularização e muitas outras.

Cobertura con colgajos de dispositivos ortopédicos en el miembro inferior: experiencia clínica / Covering with Orthopedic Devices Flaps in the Lower Limbs: A Clinical Experience

RESUMEN Introducción: La cobertura de dispositivos ortopédicos expuestos y las infecciones en el hueso con colgajos es un tema controvertido. No existe un consenso claro sobre el tratamiento de esta complicación. En los últimos años se aprecia una tendencia a mantener el material de osteosíntesis y a controlar la infección aportando tejido bien vascularizado en forma de colgajo muscular o fasciocutáneo. Objetivo: Evaluar el éxito reconstructivo con colgajos de defectos de partes blandas en miembros que han precisado de una osteosíntesis, en función de la presencia de infección y el estado de los dispositivos de implante en el momento de la reconstrucción. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de 15 casos con un defecto de partes blandas en las extremidades inferiores secundario a la implantación de dispositivos ortopédicos en el hueso. Todos los casos recibieron cobertura con un colgajo muscular o fasciocutáneo con o sin retirada de los implantes. Se estudió la presencia o ausencia de infección previa a la reconstrucción (signos clínicos, resultado del cultivo microbiológico y exposición del material ortopédico), la retirada o mantenimiento del implante durante la reconstrucción, y la presencia de complicaciones posoperatorias. Se relacionaron estas variables con el éxito reconstructivo posoperatorio. El análisis de las variables se realizó con los estadísticos chi cuadrado, Wilcoxon y U de Mann Whitney, según el tipo de variable, y para una significación de 0,05. Resultados: La frecuencia de éxito reconstructivo fue mayor en aquellos pacientes con cultivo negativo sin exposición de material óseo (p = 0,038). Se encontró menor tasa de complicaciones en los pacientes que presentaban infección antes de la reconstrucción (p = 0,039), y en aquellos con cultivo positivo y exposición del material previos a la cirugía, cuyos implantes habían sido retirados durante la reconstrucción (p = 0,032). Conclusiones: El aporte de tejido bien vascularizado en forma de colgajo permite el mantenimiento del material ortopédico con una frecuencia de éxito de 66,67 %, y resultados favorables de mediano a largo plazo. La exposición y el resultado del cultivo son indicadores predictivos de los resultados de la cirugía(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The covering of exposed orthopedic devices and bone infections with flaps are a controversial issue. There is no clear consensus concerning the treatment of this complication. In recent years, there has been a trend to maintain the osteosynthesis material and to control the infection by providing well vascularized tissue in the form of a muscular or fasciocutaneous flap. Objective: To assess the reconstructive success with flaps of soft tissue defects in limbs that have required osteosynthesis, based on the presence of infection and the status of the implant devices at the time of reconstruction. Methods: Retrospective study of a series of 15 cases with soft tissue defect in the lower limbs after implantation of orthopedic devices to the bone. All the cases were covered with muscle or fasciocutaneous flap, with or without removal of the implants. The presence or absence of infection prior to reconstruction (clinical signs, results of microbiological culture, and exposure of the orthopedic material), removal or maintenance of the implant during reconstruction, and the presence of postoperative complications were studied. These variables were associated with postoperative reconstructive success. The analysis of the variables was performed using the chi-square, as well as Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney U tests, according to the type of variable, and for a significance of 0.05. Results: The frequency of reconstructive success was higher in those patients with negative culture and without exposure of bone material (P=0.038). A lower rate of complications was found in patients with infection before reconstruction (P=0.039), and in those with positive culture and exposure of the material prior to surgery, whose implants had been removed during reconstruction (P=0.032). Conclusions: The provision of well vascularized tissue in the form of flap allows maintenance of the orthopedic material with a success rate of 66.67%, as well as favorable outcomes in the mid to long terms. The results of exposure and culture are predictive indicators of surgery outcomes(AU)

Retalho de avanço para correção de hemangiossarcoma em região peniana de cão: relato de caso / Advancement flap in dog penile region due to cutaneous hemangiosarcoma: case report / Uso de venta al por menor avanzada en la región penial del perro debido al hemangiosarcoma cutáneo: informe de caso

O uso de técnicas de cirurgia reconstrutiva é de grande importância quando há perda de uma ampla quantidade de tecido cutâneo. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a utilização da técnica de retalho de avanço pediculado em decorrência de extensa ausência de tecido cutâneo resultante da exérese de neoplasia na região peniana de um cão. O presente estudo relata o caso de um cão da raça American Pitbull Terrier, macho castrado, com sete anos de idade, com histórico de neoplasia e aumento de nódulo na região peniana. Após avaliação clínica do animal, achou-se por bem o tratamento por meio da remoção cirúrgica do neoplasma. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico constatou-se que seria necessário o emprego de um retalho de avanço pediculado para fechamento da ferida ocasionada pela remoção da neoplasia. Para diminuir a tensão e os riscos de complicações no retalho, foi realizada uma "walking suture" no subcutâneo, técnicas essas que garantiram uma cicatrização com aspecto estético e funcional satisfatório com o mínimo de tensão.(AU)

The use of reconstructive surgery techniques is of great importance when there is loss of a large amount of cutaneous tissue. The objective of this study is to report the use of pedicle flap technique as a result of extensive absence of cutaneous tissue resulting from the excision of neoplasia in the penile dog region. The present study reports the case of a seven year old male Pitbull Terrier, with a history of neoplasia and nodule enlargement in the penile region. After the clinical evaluation of the animal, the treatment by the surgical removal of the neoplasm was considered good. During the surgical procedure, it was found that a pedicle flap should be used to close the wound caused by removal of the neoplasia. To reduce tension and risk of complications in the flap, a walking suture was performed on the subcutaneous tissue, which ensure healing with aesthetic and functional appearance with minimal tension.(AU)

El uso de técnicas de cirugía reconstructiva es de gran importancia cuando se pierde una gran cantidad de tejido de la piel. El objetivo de este estudio es informar el uso de la técnica de colgajo de avance pediculado debido a la extensa ausencia de tejido de la piel como resultado de la escisión de la neoplasia en la región del pene del perro. El presente estudio informa el caso de un Pitbull Terrier americano de siete años, un hombre castrado, con antecedentes de neoplasia y un nódulo agrandado en la región del pene. Después de la evaluación clínica del animal, se consideró el tratamiento mediante la extirpación quirúrgica de la neoplasia. Durante el procedimiento quirúrgico, se descubrió que el uso de un colgajo de avance pediculado sería necesario para cerrar la herida causada por la extirpación de la neoplasia. Para reducir la tensión y el riesgo de complicaciones en el colgajo, se realizó una sutura ambulante en el tejido subcutáneo, técnicas que aseguraron la curación con un aspecto estético y funcional satisfactorio con una tensión mínima.(AU)

The use of laser speckle contrast imaging in clinical applications

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a useful device which is recruited for visualizing full-field microcirculatory images. The speckle pattern is produced as a consistent light illuminates a rough object, and the backscattered radiation is transformed into images and be shown on a screen. Movement within the object results in the fluctuation of patterns over time. Similar information can be attained by employing the Doppler effect, which needs to be scanned again. However, LSCI renders similar data without any further scanning procedure. Nowadays, LSCI has gained expanded consideration, in part because of its accelerated adoption for blood flow studies in the different surgical departments. Here we represent and review the application of LSCI methods of visualizing the field of microcirculation as medical applications from different clinical aspects and discuss the drawbacks that hinder its approval clinically

Retracted: A review of the clinical applications and performance of laser speckle contrast imaging

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a useful tool for visualizing full-field blood flow images. Speckle pattern is formed when a coherent light illuminates a rough object, and the backscattered radiation is transformed into images and be shown on a screen. Movement within the object results in the fluctuation of patterns over time. The same data can be obtained by employing the Doppler effect, yet producing a two-dimensional Doppler map needs scanning;speckle imaging renders the same information without the requirement to scan. Nowadays, LSCI has gained expanded consideration, in part because of its accelerated adoption for blood flow studies in the different surgical departments. Here we represent and review the application of laser speckle contrast methods to the field of perfusion visualization as clinical studies from various medical fields and discuss the limitations hindering clinical acceptance